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PROPOSED EARTHLIGHT MECHANISMS |
• Ionized fractal gas concentration
• Ionized gas concentration triggered by a self-restricted rotating
electrical field
• Ionized Vorton-driven gas concentration
• Ionized gas concentration triggered by a fast-pulsating EM-field
• Atmospheric electricity
• Tectonic stresses or seismic phenomena
• Gamma rays from radioactivity
• Solar activity
• Cosmic magnetic monopoles
• Cosmic mini-black holes
• Cosmic anti-matter
• Cosmic Bayonic matter
In this web site we have used the term “Earthlight.” However, in
the text below, Earthlights are referred to as “the Hessdalen
Phenomenon” or “Luminous Plasmoid (LP).” These lights are one and the
same. A Luminous Plasmoid is physically described as plasma at high
pressure which normally has a very short relaxation time. Its life-time may
be only a few seconds and perhaps up to a minute, if an external source
does not energize it in a continuous way.
This standard description does not fit what is actually observed at
Hessdalen and other Earthlight areas. Earthlights can last for hours. It
is necessary to propose additional theories which can support
observations of the duration and visual appearance of Luminous Plasmoids
(Earthlights) in order to explain their probable internal mechanisms.
Teodorani has summarized some published theories which propose that
Earthlights are concentrations of plasma which have an electrostatic and
electromagnetic nature. It is hypothesized that a Luminous Plasmoid
(Earthlight) might be formed when the atmosphere contains electric
charges which are intersected by ionizing electromagnetic radiation.
Both charges and EM radiation can be triggered or injected by means of
various external causes and the resulting Luminous Plasmoid (Earthlight)
results from an interaction of charged particles and electromagnetic
waves.
Below are excerpts quoted from an Østfold College, Norway, report
that summarizes some proposed hypotheses for possible mechanisms of
Earthlights. Please note that some of the hypotheses are highly
speculative. IEA does not necessarily support the validity of these
hypotheses, but we present them as exploratory thoughts about Earthlight
mechanisms. Obviously, many will not prove correct but they may serve a
“brainstorming” function of stimulating ideas. Some hypotheses may
actually act as “filters” to rule out possibilities that are highly
improbable.
“Experimental Methods for studying the Hessdalen-Phenomenon in the
light of the Proposed Theories: a comparative overview”, Erling Strand,
and Massimo Teodorani, Østfold College Report 1998:5. ISBN
82-7825-047-2
Note: The quotes below are directly from a section of
the report written in English by an Italian author.
Intrinsic cause hypotheses:
Ionized fractal gas concentration.
The structure of a Luminous Plasmoid, assuming that the Luminous
Plasmoid is triggered by external ionizing radiation, contains
simultaneously the properties of a gas, a fluid and a solid. The solid
(or semi-solid) is characterized by some aerogel-type substance with a
fractal fiber-like structure which constitutes the nucleus of the object
and which is characterized by a small superficial molecular substance
through the propagation of thermal waves. Its structure and composition
is able to increase the Luminous Plasmoid relaxation time. This model
predicts a strict correlation between the diameter and the life-time of
a Luminous Plasmoid.
Ionized gas concentration triggered by a self-restricted rotating
electrical field.
The Luminous Plasmoid is an electrostatic concentration of ionized vapor
with a spatially localized charge. This is the result of a radiation
field that is self-restricted and whose intensity is gradually
decreasing with distance from the nucleus. A formal treatment of this
concept is rigorously described by the “characteristic solution” of the
(Helmholtz) Equation which quantifies what happens when a rotating
electrical field exists around the concentration.
Ionized Vorton-driven gas concentration
The core, and triggering cause of a Luminous Plasmoid is a coherent
plasma composed of a large number of “vortons,” which are toroidal
concentrations of electromagnetic charges rotating as flywheels in a
dual symmetry. The formation of such vortons as rotating electromagnetic
fields takes place through the mediation of “orphaned” magnetic fields
associated with lightning discharge currents. The core of this kind of
Luminous Plasmoid assures spatial coherence and long life-time of an
ideal gas at thermal equilibrium. This process could well explain the
long life-time occurrence encountered in the specific Hessdalen
Phenomenon.
Ionized gas concentration triggered by a fast-pulsating EM-field
The luminosity in the Earthlight often last for hours. This is a
situation in which the light phenomenon is characterized by a long
relaxation-time. It is hypothesized that the energizing external process
is not continuous, but that it occurs at very fast impulses. According
to this model, in the intervals between two successive impulses, the
Earthlight gets cold, and at the next impulse the Earthlight gets hot
again, but not for sufficiently long time to arrive at an explosion. In
this way, the Earthlight could survive for a long time.
Extrinsic cause hypotheses.
Atmospheric electricity
a) The atmospheric electricity, especially during storms, can determine
the formation of Luminous Plasmoids, in particular, of Ball Lightning
(BL). This phenomenon is particularly accentuated in conditions of high
convectivity of the air in the atmospheric layers.
b) Atmospheric convection, local terrestrial magnetic field, together
with Earth rotation could together generate an efficient “dynamo
mechanism” capable of producing electrostatic charges in large
quantities. A similar phenomenon is observed in a much more amplified
form in the sun and the stars. In the context of this hypothesis the
following mechanism could be depicted:
The air pressure coming from convection puts the atmospheric gas in an
upward-downward motion combined possibly with turbulence-driven local
gas rotation. It is suggested that, in particular circumstances, the
convective pressure could influence the local magnetic field lines, in
some cases amplifying them and that the magnetic field lines could be
used as a “wall” capable of confining and influencing in its turn
further gaseous convective motions. The earth’s rotation could act as a
mediator in this process and furnish, using Coriolis Force as an
inertial force, a rotational symmetry to many cells of gas. The air
molecular friction produced in the whole process could give rise to the
formation of electrostatic charges which in their turn could be a
trigger mechanism for heating the gaseous cells in the Luminous
Plasmoids of BL kind.
c) Some witnesses associated the appearance of LPs with the occurrence
of Acoustic Bangs. A bang, which can originate from various causes, such
as the exceeding of the sonic wall (Mach number) by airplanes, missiles,
meteors, objects on atmospheric reentry or others such as those
originated from seismic shocks, can give rise to a transient, more or
less strong modification of the convective regime of the local
atmosphere. This eventually results in the compression of the local
magnetic field, and, finally, to possible consequent trigger of
electrostatic charges which could in their turn produce a Luminous
Plasmoid.
Tectonic stresses or seismic phenomena
A sophisticated theory together with approximate local measurements
assert that rocks, under particular conditions of flexure, are capable
of producing both charged particles (via the “piezo-electric” effect)
and electromagnetic waves. From the interaction of wave-particles a
Luminous Plasmoid can arise. In particular, high frequency waves heat
and ionize the surrounding air while low frequency waves (in particular
microwaves) condense into the formation of plasma. Moreover, the
phenomenon is favored by conditions of high humidity of the rock which
can amplify the formation of charged particles.
The luminous plasma which can be formed, according to calculations
executed using non-linear fluid dynamics, rotates to vortex. The
rotation motion is caused by the microproperties of molecules and atoms.
When the convective motion of a cluster of such molecules, as in the
case of convective atmospheric gas, is taken into account, one has a
resultant motion of spiral or elliptical type as a sum of the singular
rotary motion and the collective convective motion. The result of this
process is that a newly formed Luminous Plasmoid can move in a spiral
fashion and leave spiral traces (as proven in laboratory experiments) on
the ground.
Gamma rays from radioactivity
It is well known that gamma rays which are emitted from radioactive
substances under or over the ground can be one of the primary causes of
atmospheric ionization and consequently a possible indirect cause of
formation of Luminous Plasmoids. These substances are almost always of
natural origin. Some places can exhibit a higher, or much higher
radioactivity-driven gamma-ray emission than other averagely radioactive
places and maximum radioactivity emission can be circumscribed with very
small area as small as 100 m2. The radioactive contaminating substance
can be also man-made, as in the case of malfunctioning medical
cobalt-therapy devices, nuclear facilities, or even containers of
radioactive residuals (coming from nuclear central processes) which may
have broken.
Solar activity
Previous statistical work asserts that some correlation (correlation
coefficient=0.56) is found between the occurrence of Luminous Plasmoid
phenomena and solar activity. The theory which is proposed to interpret
this statistic asserts that a high concentration of solar particles,
whose production is enhanced during the maximum phases of solar
activity, can determine the beginning of weak nuclear reactions in the
stratosphere and the consequent heating of the air up to plasma
conditions.
The atmosphere itself can act as a lens by focusing the corpuscular
radiation of solar origin. This is the driving mechanism which can give
rise to the formation of Luminous Plasmoid events. Moreover, small
random displacements and deformations of the atmospheric layers can
determine a translation of the position of the focus, giving to the
observers the illusion of fast intrinsic movements of the luminous
plasmoids.
Cosmic magnetic monopoles
The possibility of the existence of magnetic monopoles has been
demonstrated by sound and mathematical models It is assumed here that
magnetic monopoles are injected into the Earth’s atmosphere as an
additional component of cosmic rays. So far none of these particles has
been observed in our atmosphere. Moreover, this possible cause of the
formation of Luminous Plasmoids can be strictly connected with the
“vorton” theory.
A magnetic monopole consists of a quark-type particle with a very high
concentration of magnetic charge. It can be said that a magnetic
monopole could be a very efficient centrally-located confining mechanism
of atmospheric ionized plasma and could explain the reason of the
typical ball-shape Luminous Plasmoid of BL kind. In this case it could
be argued that a Luminous Plasmoid is a structure in magneto-static
equilibrium where the force-balance is given, on one side, by the high
temperature and pressure of the hot surrounding plasma and, on the other
side, by the central magnetic force in the center of the Luminous
Plasmoid, where the center of Luminous Plasmoid could be also formed by
a cluster of monopoles. Such an overall configuration could even explain
the long duration of the Earthlight.
Cosmic mini-black holes
Some physical cosmological models predict the existence of micro (atomic
dimension) and mini (few mm up to cm dimensions) black holes which may
have been created in the first instants after the Big Bang. Mini black
holes could have been created also by some more recent processes in the
astrophysical environment. These objects could have been spread all over
the universe and could give a significant contribution to the “dark
matter” able to gravitationally stabilize a galaxy (including our one).
There is a strict, theoretically calculated correlation between the
dimensions (diameter) and the life-time of such objects. For this reason
the smallest ones should have a very short life-time, possibly because
of quantum evaporation. The larger ones could have survived and be
present also inside our solar system and could have grown in mass and
diameter after “eating” much interstellar gas or nucleonic dark-matter
(see 2.9). Their interaction with our atmosphere could come by means of
different transportation vehicles. A cosmic ray component (only in the
case of micro-black holes formed very recently) and a meteor-comet
component (used in this case as a trapping device for mini-black holes).
Once inside our atmosphere mini-black holes (or less probable,
micro-black holes) could encounter a great storage of “eatable” gas (gas
accretion). For every single black hole, the result would be a
surrounding ball of heated gas because of the thermal energy liberated
by the gravitational collapse of this gas inside the black hole
potential well. In this case one has a structure in hydro-gravito-static
equilibrium, very similar in principle to a star, capable of emitting
much light and to live as a Luminous Plasmoid for a long time. The shape
of the gravitationally trapped heated gas could be also disc-shaped in
the case where the black hole is rotating. According to some proposed
models a magnetic field could also be present.
How do we connect this theory to the Earthlight? The causes triggering
the Earthlight could be exactly the same as the ones which are suspected
to trigger Luminous Plasmoid events after fall-outs of cosmic rays,
magnetic monopoles, baryonic matter, anti-matter and meteors: a
distorted or perforated geophysical magnetic field and/or a low local
atmospheric thickness. Periodicity (maxima and minima) of the Earthlight
could depend on yearly variation of the configuration of the local
magnetic field and/or the local atmospheric thickness.
Cosmic anti-matter
Theoretical models and particle-physics’ superprotosynchroton
accelerators have ascertained the existence of anti-matter. Such a
substance, composed of anti-protons and positrons have a very short
life-time as the collision with normal matter, composed of protons and
electrons, gives rise to annihilation of the particles with the
liberation of a great quantity of energy.
Anti-matter events could come spontaneously only from space, in the form
of a cosmic-ray component, or possibly in the form of small meteors.
Assuming that cosmic rays are largely the most common vehicle of
anti-matter, such occurrences would cause annihilation when these cosmic
anti-matter particles contact normal matter of which our atmosphere is
constituted. If such objects could survive up to the lower atmosphere a
strong localized transient ionization process could result in the form
of explosions of energy. The consequence of this happening could lead to
high increase in the frequency of luminous plasmoids. If the
stratospheric layer over an Earthlight active area is very thin, the
probability that some anti-matter survives up to the lower atmosphere
before being subject to collision with normal matter, could increase
consistently.
Cosmic Bayonic matter
A discovery from extragalactic astrophysics has demonstrated that every
galaxy is filled with dark matter, which is composed of non-radiating
free protons and/or anti-protons and neutrons. This discovery is based
on two observational facts:
1) Every galaxy is emitting much less light than it is expected from its
calculated mass (via Virial Theorem and/or Rotation Curve),
2) Some dark objects, called Macho, have been observed (1993) while they
are exerting a gravitational-lens effect on the light of some celestial
objects.
Such dark matter, also called Baryonic Matter because it is composed of
heavy nuclei, can be everywhere, also inside our solar system. If some
concentration of this matter is encountered by the Earth’s orbit and/or
by the Sun’s circumgalactic motion, it can be captured in the same way
as a meteor or a comet.
This matter is composed of nucleons and anti-nucleons which cannot be
annihilated in space because of the very low spatial density of such
particles. When a cluster of such heavy particles encounter Earth,
anti-nucleons annihilate with nucleonic counterpart in our atmosphere
may give rise to possible micro-explosions, while nucleons collide with
the nucleons of our atmosphere may give rise to atmospheric molecular
dissociation, atomic ionization and possibly to the creation of quarks.
The interaction of cosmic nucleons with atmospheric matter-particles is
of interest in this context. The formation of luminescence in the
atmosphere is expected and possible auroral-type lights could be turned
on. Auroral lights are a characteristic of northern regions and are
strictly connected to particle-injections from the sun. Two points of
importance here could be:
1) If the stratospheric layer over an active Earthlight is abnormally
thin, in order that the nucleon-driven ionization process occurs in the
lower atmosphere, giving rise to an almost local ionization process
which could cause a strong frequency of LPs,
2) The local magnetic field lines are distorted or perforated, in order
that cosmic nucleons cause a direct fall of particles into the very low
atmosphere (by means of a “cascade process”) or onto the ground by
causing an extra-ionization process which could cause a strong frequency
of LPs.
Page by Erling P. Strand 2/13/04 |
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